Fort LeBoeuf French and Indian War Museum

David is making a new style of chair to sell . Pick up only in Ohio .

#2. The First Corn to Come to the Woodlands: Corn made its first real impression as a crop east of the Mississippi at about 200BC, later becoming widely adapte...d in the Woodlands by 900AD. A very early variety of corn to be found in some Eastern North American archaeological sites is North American Pop. This type appears to come from earlier species like Small Cob (of Mexico) and Chapalote (of the American Southwest). Pop corn has its positives But the Pop corn just wasn’t very convincing for Woodland horticulturalists to fully adopt the new plant. While some Pop corns have been found among a few early sites of the East just before the major adoption of corn, the variety appears to be more of a passing trend that doesn’t calculate into the later widespread corn agricultural complex of the Eastern Woodlands (Important Note: the popcorn we know, both common and many heritage types, were post-historic introductions to North America and not of these early type recovered archaeologically...). Later a variety called Midwestern 12-Row makes its way to the lower Mississippi Valley until it’s replaced Pima-Papagospread from the southwest to the western edges of the Eastern Woodlands too. Again however, it just doesn’t make the lasting impact on Eastern farmers as their soon-to-be beloved corn species Eastern 8-Row/Flint did. Eastern 8-Row reaches as far north and east as Ontario, Canada by 800AD, and by 1000-1200AD, it dominated the corn scene from inland Mississippi River settlements to Atlantic coastal Nations. Pagatowr a kinde of graine so called by the inhabitants; the same in the West Indies is called Mayze : English men call it Guinney wheate or Turkie wheate... The graine is about the bignesse of our ordinary English peaze and not much different in forme and shape: but of [different] colours: some white, some red, some yellow, and some blew. -Thomas Hariot, Mid-Atlantic East Coast, 1585-86. The Corn of the East: It was the breeding of the new Eastern 8-Row corn, and not earlier corn types introduced from across the Mississippi, that convinced Eastern Woodland farmers (who had been cultivating squash, greens, sunflowers and tobacco for a few thousand years already) to commit in dominating their fields with the grain and embrace a high corn diet from then on. And it was Eastern 8-Row/Northern Flint corn in which Europeans first encountered in the fields and bowls of Native Woodland farmers. It was a popular variety for many reasons: It was hardy and quick to mature, giving Native farmers the ability to cultivate corn in regions with shorter growing seasons such as the northern regions of the Great Lakes, New England and adjacent areas of Canada. It was hard - it’s pericarp or hull was tough and made it a hardy grain for storage. Yet, even with a hard hull, it was edible and tasty with modest processing it was ground into flour, parched and cracked, or soaked in lye to produce hominy. And it gave great return for the work put into cultivating it... it was an amazing grain uniquely qualified (bred) to grow in the Woodlands. To be continued (From http://www.woodlandindianedu.com/cornofeasternwoodlands.html - Like and follow us to see more, read more, learn more as we continue to share Native Foods November posts. Photo: Chapalote Corn grown by the writer... this is a very old variety grown in the North American Southwest - an ancestor to the Flint/8-Row Corn variety that came to dominate the Eastern Farming Complex.)

Leon & Patrick going at it today to complete our new programming area. This has been a very productive year here at the fort.

In advance of the launch on November 6 of the fourth juried Hodinöhsö:ni’ Art Show (virtual this year), Ganondagan State Historic Site Manager and artist Peter Jemison (Seneca, Heron Clan) talks about this year's event.

In honor of Native American Heritage Month, we are featuring special programming throughout the day. Visit Guide: https://bit.ly/31bN8y6 Join Daniel 'Firehawk' ...Abbott of the Nanticoke people from Maryland’s Eastern Shore to learn about the material culture and lifeways of the Tidewater Algonquians as well as their interactions with the settlers of Jamestown. After spending time with Daniel, be sure to visit the Archaearium to see Native American artifacts recovered from James Fort in the exhibit entitled The World of Pocahontas. (: Chuck Durfor) Join Public Historian, Mark Summers, at 11:00am or 2:00pm for, "The Powhatan & the English Walking Tour". This walking tour discusses the interactions, trade, and conflict between English colonists and the Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom based on archaeological evidence. These programs are free with paid admission to Historic Jamestowne. Tickets: http://bit.ly/2DRAzsK #NationalAmericanIndianHeritageMonth #NativeAmericanHeritageMonth

George Washington and the First Shots of the French and Indian War In May of 1754, Lieutenant Colonel George Washington, his mouth full of teeth, led a group of... Virginia militia and Indigenous allies through southwest Pennsylvania. Surprisingly, they had the same goal: evicting the French from the Ohio Valley. While camped at Great Meadows, they received news that French soldiers were nearby and decided to strike. Young Washington was heavily influenced in his decision to attack the French by an Ohio Seneca, Tanaghrisson. According to Washington’s account, he ordered his company to fire on the French and by the end of the brief battle, the Ensign de Jumonville, the French commander, was dead. However, a recently transcribed speech from a participant in this skirmish, identified as a Chief Warrior, recounted that, Colonel Washington begun himself and fired and then his people. If true, that would mean that Washington fired the first shot of the French and Indian War, a war which would help propel the colonies towards independence and, eventually, himself to the first presidency. Throughout his life, Washington had a dichotomous understanding of Indigenous people; they were either friend or foe. Regardless of their status as protagonists or antagonists, the nation that Washington helped to build was built upon the land of both. (Image: The earliest known portrait of George Washington, painted by Charles Willson Peale in 1772. Washington is in his Colonel’s uniform of the Virginia Regiment with a silver gorget.) Fort Necessity National Battlefield National Park Service Seneca Nation of Indians (Image Credit: Courtesy of Washington and Lee University) #nativeamerican #IndigenousHeritage, #NativeAmericanHeritageMonth, #FindYourPark #EncuentraTuParque

Nov 7-8: Native American History Weekend Join us this Saturday & Sunday when we'll have demonstrations of hide work, foodways, and canoe making, with special d...emonstrations from several visiting Native American interpreters. Learn about Native history and cultural influences when you visit the American exhibits of the Museum. The Museum is open 9am-5pm, general admission rates apply - free for annual pass holders! Special thanks to our friends at the new Holiday Inn Express & Suites in Staunton who are providing accommodations for our special guests!

YouTube Premiere Concert - Scottish fiddle master Alasdair Fraser! Saturday, Nov. 14, 7:30pm EST. 2nd performance Sunday, Nov. 15, 2:30pm. Free concert, donations encouraged. http://ow.ly/5lJR30rh0hu #TradMusic

Join us today for our #Free Revolutionary War event from 11 a.m. to 8 p.m.! Engage in some 18th Century activities at the Tavern, see our bake oven in action, a...nd our Gift Shop will be open until 5 p.m.! We couldn't have asked for nicer weather in November - so walk your dog, take fall photos, and be sure to stay until 7 p.m. for our evening #bonfire celebration. Just remember to adhere to Covid guidelines while you enjoy this fun event! See more

Onesta [corn] is more than a food to the Haudenosaunee. It is the measure of the health and spiritual well-being of the people. Doug George-Kanentiio, Moha...wk Journalist #1. The Origin of Corn: Of teosinte? Most certainly. Created by selective breeding? Definitely. Hybridization? A strong possibility. What it took to create maize was nothing less than science in action - science put into action by some of Central America’s original Peoples. Theories have evolved over the decades, and with the implementation of modern DNA analysis, we are, little by little, getting to know the full story of how corn evolved into the grain we know today. There are still unknowns, and the actual process has yet to be replicated or fully proven by researchers. It’s truly a grain that defies our conventional explanations, yet the history and origin of corn is certainly known and understood among those who cultivated Her first. Corn’s Native history is one that speaks to its other worldly design, whether introduced to humans by Selu (Corn Mother aka Corn), or to have first sprouted from the grave of Sky Woman’s daughter, or be a gift to us all from benevolent Hare (one of the dueling twins). Make light of Corn’s spirit, offend Her in some manner, or take Her for granted, and you may find all corn to disappear. And while some tribal histories speak of famine in Her absence, imagine if She was to leave us now in a world that relies so much on corn. Still unknowing much of corn’s earthy start with all our advanced technology, this plant has proven itself to be no less than what the Native histories have already told us absolutely miraculous. To be continued (From Corn of the Eastern Woodlands http://www.woodlandindianedu.com/cornofeasternwoodlands.html - Like and follow us to see more, read more, learn more as we continue to share Native Foods November posts. Photo: An ear of Miami (Myaamia) 8-Row White Corn (Miincipi) grown by the writer.)

Jacobs Creek Park & Greenlick Run Reservoir > Unknown to many, in the area of the Reservoir holds great historical significance. On the night of July 1, 1755 - ...General Edward Braddock and his troops camped near the Junick Farm (across the road from the breast of the reservoir). It was called "The Great Swamp Camp". The swamp which extended for a considerable distance on both sides of Jacobs Creek had to be made passable. It was stated that they had to build a "corduroy" road to advance over the swamp. Braddock's Great Swamp Camp was his 14th Encampment . When Braddock's army resumed their march on July 2, 1755, they proceeded on a path through the swamp crossing Green Lick Run and through what is now Hammondville and crossed Jacob's Creek. They proceeded through present day Mt. Pleasant, stopping to refresh themselves at the Union Spring (located near Ramsey School) then onto Fort Duquesne in Pittsburgh. Only a few miles away from Fort Duquesne, on July 9, 1755, General Braddock was mortally shot in a battle near present day Braddock, PA. *** Jacobs Creek Park is a beautiful and picturesque park. It was built under the Water Shed Protection and Flood Preservation Act of 1972. The "new" Green Lick Reservoir is now located within this park. Numerous farms were taken to make this Reservoir. The park is located on Mudd School Road just past the Paradise Church off of Route 982. The park includes picnic pavilions, ballfield, and a large grassy area around the reservoir for walking and relaxing. Fishing and boating are also permitted with regulations set for electric motors only. * ( Braddock's Campaign ) The Braddock expedition, also called Braddock's campaign or, more commonly, Braddock's Defeat, was a failed British military expedition which attempted to capture the French Fort Duquesne (modern-day downtown Pittsburgh) in the summer of 1755 during the French and Indian War. It was defeated at the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9, and the survivors retreated. The expedition takes its name from General Edward Braddock, who led the British forces and died in the effort. Braddock's defeat was a major setback for the British in the early stages of the war with France and has been described as one of the most disastrous defeats for the British in the 18th century. Braddock's Road extended from Fort Cumberland on Wills Creek (Cumberland, Maryland) to the Monongahela River. General Edward Braddock marched his army to the Forks of the Ohio along this route despite the recommendation from some of his colonial advisers that a route through Pennsylvania would be easier. Braddock's London superiors had ordered him to depart from Wills Creek on the Potomac River, and George Washington, who served as the general's aide-de-camp, had pioneered this route a year earlier when he traveled into the Ohio Country and met Tanacharisson ( Half King ) . Braddock, however, had a much larger army in tow than Washington. When he left Fort Cumberland in early June, he commanded a force of about 2,500 British regulars, American recruits, laborers, and female camp followers. The Indians who were supposed to support his army as guides and scouts abandoned Braddock after he failed to assure them that the British would honor their claim to the Ohio Country once the French were removed. Braddock's men had to cut a road wide enough to accommodate the wagons and draft animals that accompanied them, as well as the siege artillery that they brought along to use against Fort Duquesne. Progress was painstakingly slow until Braddock decided to split the force into two groups: a flying column of about 1,500 men and a support column that would drag along the artillery and supplies. The flying column made rapid progress, and with each day, the distance between it and the support column increased. On the morning of July 9, the flying column crossed the Monongahela and came within ten miles of Fort Duquesne. But at Braddock's Crossing, disaster struck. Information Link # 1 .http://www.bullskintownshiphistoricalsociety.org/township_p Information Link # 2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braddock_Expedition See more

For six years now WIEP has shared informative posts highlighting foodways of Eastern Woodland Native traditions every November here on our FB page - the history... and cuisine, and many facts and photos. Throughout this time I’ve edited a few articles, replaced and added a few new posts to the series,... however this year I’m abandoning the ol’ album and starting fresh, replacing it entirely with new and more posts! More info (straight from our articles), more quotes, and many more photos beautiful photos of beautiful Native foods! (All photos are from WIEP-related Foodways Programs) We hope you enjoy our new post format and share our passion for the rich history, traditions, and foodways of the Indigenous Nations of Eastern North America. We will start our 7th annual Native Foods November posts here shortly So stay tuned!!! (Photo: Corn kernels selected for seeds from heritage corn varieties: ancient Chapalote, and Eastern 8-Row Delaware/Lenape Blue and Miami/Myaamia White) --- Remember to Like and follow us at https://www.facebook.com/pg/WoodlandIndianEDU/ to see our Native Foods November posts on your newsfeed. See more